Risk stratification – challenges

High risk

Medium risk

Low risk

No risk

Cigarette & smoked tobacco

Cigarette & smoked tobacco

Medium risk

Heated tobacco products (HTP)
Smokeless tobacco products
Smoking cannabis

Low risk

Vaping nicotine & cannabis

No risk

Nicotine pouches

Ex-smokers

Never smokers

Risk

Risk

Age at initiation

–

Dual & poly-use

–

Frequency & duration

–

Comorbidities

–

Lab results

Age at initiation

–

Dual & poly-use

–

Frequency & duration

–

Comorbidities

–

Lab results

Source: ©2026 Natalia Reyes, Swiss Re