Global proportion of cancer cases attributable to selected modifiable risk factors and exposure trends for cancers
Quantified mortality drivers:
Tobacco
Smoking
Second-hand smoke
Dietary
Diet in high sodium
Low calcium intake
Low fruit & vegetable intake
Metabolic
Physical inactivity
Hyperglycemia & diabetes
Obesity
Alcohol
Alcohol
Air pollution
Air pollution
Occupational carcinogens
Occupational carcinogens
Qualitative assessment of other drivers:
Infection
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Helicobacter pylori (HP)
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
Reproductive
Breastfeeding
Nulliparity
Early age of Menarche
Exposure trends:
Note: These proportion estimates are not adjusted for co-exposure of multiple risk factors.
Source: Swiss Re; GBD 2019 Cancer Risk Factors Collaborators, 'The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019', Lancet, 2022.